Current World Environment

Introduction

River always plays a vital role sustaining life of any civilisation as it is a prime sector of economy. River is an important source to maintain ecosystem¹. Ichhamati River make its way through India and Bangladesh and also acts as a border between India and Bangladesh². Ichhamati travels a distance of nearly 216 km and finally meet with Kalindi river  at Hasnabad , North 24 Parganas and finally ends in Bay of Bengal in Moore Island of West Bengal³. Ichhamati is a branch of Mathabhanga river bifurcates into two branches Ichhamati and Churni at  Majdia of Nadia district in West Bengal.  Range of algal diversity is wide from lentic to lotic ecosystem⁴. Seasonal variation in algal growth in aquatic environment is acquired due to change in nutritional, temperature, light, grazing pressure level throughout a year⁵.  Aquatic fauna such as fishes, snails, crabs and others finds a main source of their food from phytoplanktons such as algae.  Phytoplanktons present at the base level in aquatic ecosystem forms major source of carbon⁶. Depending on water quality algae forms main connection between food chain and its productivity⁷. To asses water quality and its to understand its basic nature study of algal diversity play a major role ^{8 -,11}. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, salinity, turbidity, Conductivity etc. plays an important role in living organism of free flowing aquatic ecosystem^12-16. Inorganic nutrient ions are important factor for the growth and development of phytoplanktons such as algae^17-19. Sodium, potassium and calcium ions are the bulk metal ions of living system. Presence of high calcium ion concentration leads to high rate of bio-mineralisation. In natural aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen, phosphorus etc. often occurs at low concentrations, which are limiting for the growth of algae ^21-22.

This study is undertaken to evaluate seasonal algal composition of river Ichhamati water  in different seasons such as autumn, winter, spring, summer and Rainy season in relation to some physico-chemical parameters and biologically significant inorganic ions. The present study also evaluate presence of available algae act as a source of food for fishes in this river.

Methodology and Material

Study Location

Algae and water has been sampled from 7 sampling points (marked in orange circle) in Taki and Hasnabad namely Taki HWGP near BSF camp (22.576971, 88.936438) Taki Ecopark (22.576271, 88.938695), Taki HWQP (22.589497, 88.938607), Rajnagar (22.567804, 88.926102), Angnara (22.566387, 88.915240), Hasnabad (22.578140, 88.936522), Hasnabad Bon Bibi Bridge (22.565896, 88.912292) of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. and circled them in orange in google map given below.

Sampling site Abbreviation: 

L₁ = Taki HWGP near BSF camp, L₂= Taki Ecopark, L₃ = Taki HWQP, L₄ = Rajnagar, L₅ = Angnara, L₆ = Hasnabad, L₇ = Hasnabad Bon Bibi Bridge

Image 1: Satellite image of all sampling sites in Google map   Click here to View image

Water sampling and Analysis

River water taken in the month of October - December 2021, January, February, March, May, July and August of 2022 frequently from Ichhamati. Water collected from river were analyzed through Titrimetry method, Flame photometry and spectrophotometric and other methods. On site analysis of pH, Conductivity, Temperature, Total Dissolve Solid, DO, Salinity were made by using proper scientific instruments. After collecting river water preserved in sterile Polyethylene sampling bottles and Turbidity, Total Alkalinity, Na⁺ and K⁺, Ca⁺ and NO₃- ions analyzed by using proper scientific instruments and Titrimetric method. All instrumental and titrimetric methods were done at Laboratory.

Algal Sampling

Benthic algae grown on the hard surface of rock collected by using of spatula, scalpel, small knife by scraping algae from hard surface and kept in small jar of polyethylene.  With the help of pipette algal specimen collected from soft muddy surface and kept in polyethylene bottle. Some floating algal specimen were collected from water surface by using fine meshed dip nets and with the help of hand and kept for preservation polyethylene sterile bottle. Plankton nets with 50µm mesh size are used for collection of phytoplankton from water. After collecting, specimens were preserved with 3% Formaldehyde solution. Standard microscopic methods were applied for observation of algal specimen. Identification of algal specimen made with proper literature ^23-26.

Result

Water from 7 study locations of Ichhamati River were taken in every season i.e., during autumn, winter, spring, summer and monsoon. Physico-chemical parameters and biologically significant nutrient ions are measured.  3 replicas of each parameter have taken. Replicas were taken from same place but from three different spots keeping distance at least 300 meters. IBM SPSS 20 Software and PAST Softare used in this study for  statistical analysis and presented in tables below.

Table 1: Data of Physico-chemical Parameters in River Ichhamati.

Data presented here as Mean ± Standard Deviation

Table 2: Average concentration of inorganic nutrient ions of Ichhamati River Water

Data presented here as Mean ± Standard Deviation

Table 3: Algal species of River Ichhamati  

+++ = Abundant, ++ = Dominant, + = Rare, - = Absent, (Algal species Abbreviation used for Canonical Correspondence Analysis)

Statistical correlation (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) between algae and essential water quality factors:

One most important statistical method is CCA for understanding relationship between essential water quality factors and species, has been applied in this study for determining relationships between Physico-chemical parameter and algae. The triplet length of the graph gives an indication regarding effect of parameters and showed positive or negative relationship with axis ^27-28. 

.Table 4: Different water quality factors and Canonical biplot scores of Ichhamati .   Click here to view Table

Table 5: Eigen value & % of variance of water quality factors at 7 sites of river Ichhamati 

CCA of all the 7 sampling locations has been drawn between 18 water quality factors and 30 algae. Overall dominant algal species throughout all seasons are Klebsormidium sp, Spirogyra sp, Chlorella vulgaris, Cladophora sp, Microcoleus paludosus, Anabaena cylindrica , Anabaena azollae, Nitzschia sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Pinnularia viridis.

Eigen value of L₁, shown in fig-1 for axix 1 is 0.10263 explained 48.63% correlation and for axis 2 is 0.051689 showed 24.49% correlation between 18 parameters and dominant species of algae. Volvox, Spirogyra, Fragilaria, Microcoleus paludosus were positively correlated with axis 1. During monsoon and summer  Oscillatoria sp, Anabaena azollae, Lyngbya sp, Aulacosiera sp, Nostoc sp showed positive correlation with Temperature, BOD, pH, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, K⁺ and Na⁺ ion concentration.  Positive correlation observed during spring between  Microcystis sp, Zygnema sp, and Nitrate ion concentration. Anabaena cylindrica is least affected by physico-chemical parameters.

Figure 1: CCA score at L1 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters    Click here to view Figure

Eigen value of L₂, shown in fig-1 for axix 1 (0.078596) showed 42.02% correlation and axis 2 (0.057201) showed 30.58% correlation between variables and dominant aalgl species. Ulothrix, Zygnema, Cladophora sp, were positively correlated with axis 1. During monsoon and summer  Oscillatoria sp, Micocystis sp, Anabaena azollae, Lyngbia sp, Aulacosiera sp, Nostoc sp positively correlated with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, K⁺ and Na⁺ ion concentration. During spring Coscinodiscus sp, Zygnema sp, Cladophora sp showed positive correlation with Nitrate ion concentration. physico-chemical parameters has least impact on growth of  Anabaena cylindrica showed least affected by followed by Spirogyra sp.

Figure 2: CCA score at L2 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters.   Click here to view Figure

Eigen value of L₃, shown in fig-3 for axix 1 is 0.088289, made 47.05% correlation and axis 2 is 0.044775 showed 23.86% relationship between 18 variables and dominant species of algae. During monsoon and autumn Volvox sp, Pithophora sp, Stigeoclonium sp, Monoraphidium sp, Fragilaria sp, Spirogyra sp. showed positive correlation with calcium ion concentration. Close relation between pH and total alkalinity indicates the river water is alkaline. Zygnema, Ulothrix, Navicula positively correlated with carbonate ion concentration during winter. During spring and summer  Oscillatoria sp, Micocystis sp, Coscinodiscus, Chlorella vulgaris  Lyngbia sp, Aulacosiera sp, Nostoc sp showed positive correlation with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, K⁺, nitrate and Na⁺ ion concentration. Oedogonium sp, Cymbella sp, Microspora sp, Surirella elegans showed positive correlation with total alkalinity, carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity.  Physico-chemical parameters have least affect on diversity of Anabaena cylindrical, Klebsormidium, Chlorococcum, Microcoleus paludosus.

Figure 3: CCA score at L3 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters    Click here to view Figure

Eigen value of L₄, shown in fig-1 for axis 1 (0.070942) showed 50.04% relationship and axis 2 (0.037878) explained 26.72% relationship between 18 variables and dominant algae. Nitzschia, Navicula, Aulacosiera sp, are in positive correlation with axis 1.During summer Anabaena azollae, Oscillatoria sp, Micocystis sp, Chlorella vulgaris Lyngbia Nostoc showed positive with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, potassium, and sodium ion concentration. Cladophora sp, Zygnema sp, Ulnaria ulna showed positive correlation with nitrate ion concentration and pH. During monsoon spiceses of  Spirogyra, Stigeoclonium, Monoraphidium, Rhizoclonium Pithophora, Volvox, Fragilaria, Chlorococcum has a close effect with Total alkalinity, Bicarbonate alkalinity, Calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration. Nitzschia sp, Pinnularia viridis, Surirella elegans, Microspora sp, Oedogonium sp, Ulothrix, Klebsormidium sp showed positive correlation with Dissolve oxygen, Carbonate alkalinity and carbonate ion concentration.  Physico-chemical parameters has least impact on growth of Anabaena cylindrica

Figure 4: CCA score at L4 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters.   Click here to view Figure

Eigen value of L₅, shown in fig-3 for axix 1 is (0.067044) made 47.18% correlation and axis 2 (0.041078) showed 28.91% relationship between 18 variables and dominant species of algae.  Fragilaria sp are in positive correlation with axis 1. During summer Nostoc sp, Aulocosira sp, Chlorella vulgaris, Anabaena azollae, Oscillatoria sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Lyngbya sp positively correlaaated with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, pH, potassium, calcium and sodium ion concentration.  Microcystis sp, Cladophora showed positive correlation with nitrate ion concentration during spring. During monsoon Monoraphidium sp, Pithophora sp, Stigeoclonium sp, Volvox sp, Microcoleus paludosus, Ulnaria ulna has a positive effect with Total alkalinity, Bicarbonate alkalinity and calcium ion concentration. Surirella elegans, Cymbella sp, showed positive correlation with Carbonate alkalinity concentration during autumn. Navicula sp  Ulothrix sp, Nitzschia sp and Chlorococcum sp positively correlated correlation with Carbonate and Bicarbonate ion concentrations.  Spirogyra sp, Anabaena cylindrica showed least affected by 18 variables (Physico-chemical) followed by Klebsormidium sp.

Figure 5: CCA score at L5 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters    Click here to view Figure

Eigen value of L₆, shown in fig-1 for axix 1 (0.066145) showed 49.82% correlation and axis 2 (0.028895) made 21.76% relationship between 18 variables and dominant species of algae Navicula,  Nitzschia sp, Microcoleus paludosus have positive relation with axis 1.During monsoon and summer Nostoc sp, Aulocosirea sp, Chlorella vulgaris, Micrcystis sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Lyngbia sp showed positive correlation with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, Hardness, pH, potassium, and sodium ion concentration.  Ulnaria ulna, Zygnema sp, Rhizoclonium sp, Cladophora Oscillatoria sp showed positive correlation with nitrate ion concentration. During winter Surirella elegans, Ulnaria ulna, Oedogonium sp, Pinularia viridis showed a positive tendency with Dissolve oxygen and carbonate ion. During autumn and monsoon Stigeoclonium sp, Volvox sp, Pithophora sp, Monoraphidium sp, Cymbella sp showed positive correlation with Carbonate alkalinity, Total alkalinity, and Bicarbonate alkalinity, calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration. Spirogyra sp, Anabaena cylindrica have no relation with physic-chemical parameters followed by Lyngbia sp.

Figure 6: CCA score at L6 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters    Click here to view Figure

At L₇ (Fig 7) the eigen value for axis1 (0.06388) justified 49.12% relationship and axis 2 (0.029398) showed 22.61% relationship between 18 variables (physic-chemical) and dominant species of algae. Navicula,Klebsormidium sp, Nitzschia sp, Anabaena azollae were positively correlated with axis 1. During monsoon and summer Nostoc sp, Aulocosirea sp, Chlorella vulgaris, Micrcystis sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Lyngbia sp, Aulacosirea sp, Oscillatoria sp showed positive correlation with Temperature, BOD, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity, potassium, and sodium ion concentration. During spring Nitzschia sp, Cladophora sp, Zygnema sp made positive effect with nitrate ion concentration and pH. Surirella elegans, Microspora sp, Ulnaria ulna, Oedogonium sp, Pinularia viridis showed a positive relation with Carbonate alkalinity and carbonate, Bicarbonate ion concentration during winter. During autumn and monsoon Stigeoclonium sp, Volvox sp, Rhizoclonium sp, Pithophora sp, Monoraphidium sp, Cymbella sp showed positive correlation with Carbonate alkalinity, Total alkalinity, Bicarbonate alkalinity and calcium ion concentration. 

Figure 7: CCA score at L7 between river algae and physico-chemical parameters    Click here to view Figure

Discussion

The mean temperature of river water of Ichhamati ranges between 23.2⁰C to 31⁰C throughout study period. It is reported that 25-30⁰C temperature range is ideal for algal growth ²⁹. The present study also suggests these findings. pH value of River Ichhamati ranged between  7.65 to 8.05 and make this slightly alkaline. It was reported that pH range 5.0 to 6.6 increased algal abundance ³⁰. The present study report that slightly alkaline river water is suitable for some algal growth (Table 3). The mean value of Conductivity ranged between 808.5- 16026.67 µS/cm. For periphyton algae increased Conductivity can stimulate attached algal biomass and productivity ³¹. This study also found abundance growth of periphytonic algae during study time. Mean salinity value of river water was 393 to 14096.66 ppm during study time. Ichhanmati water TDS value found between 577.5 – 18457.33 ppm. TDS effectively related with salinity to create toxicity and change in ionic composition of fresh water creating limited biodiversity, shifting of aquatic populations and exclusion of weakly tolerable species³². The present study also found presence of less aquatic flora during high salinity and TDS level but some micro algae may be tolerant of high salinity and TDS as shown in table 3. Dissolve Oxygen (DO) have great impact on aquatic ecosystem and helpful for assessment of water quality.  This study finds mean DO of Ichhamati River between 6.80 to 8.05 ppm and suggest Ichhamati river ecosystem is ideal for growth of Cyanophytes, Chlorophytes, Diatoms ³³. Another important parameter BOD  indicate level of organic pollution of water. Ichhamati river showed mean value of BOD between 1.35 – 3.16 ppm giving indication of suitable aquatic environment.  Mean hardness of river Ichhamati water ranged between 166.05 – 2100.75 ppm. Turbidity lied between 180 and 944 NTU. Total alkalinity lied between 102 to 173.50 ppm. Cyanophycean algae like Anabaena cylindrica needs adequate Na⁺ ion concentration in water for their growth ³⁴. Mean sodium content ranged between 93.53 to 1892.33 ppm. Sodium ion concentration is high during summer and monsoon and growth of some diatoms and green algae stunted during this period rather than blue green algae. Mean potassium ion concentrations ranged between 7.07 to 978.73 ppm which suggesting the river is good for algal habitant ³⁵. Calcium ion concentrations range between 46.50 to 432.50 ppm. Nitrate ion concentration is important factor for promoting algal growth ³⁶. Mean nitrate concentration ranged between 344 to 3702ppm. The present study observed high nitrate concentration during March, May and August month of 2022 and  probable reason may be addition of chemical manure with rain water  used by farmers for agricultural purpose besides river bank. Bicrbonate ion concentration is key for algal photosynthesis ³⁷. Bicarbonate ion of this river ranged between 155.31 and 205.75 ppm making this good photosynthetic condition throughout the year. This study finds the river water is suitable for growth of Chlorophyceae and Diatoms.. Monsoon has rich variety of vegetation. This study had  identified 7 cyanophycian algae, 14 chlorophycian algae and 9 diatoms (Table 3) belonging to the family Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Monsoon season present some abundant growth of algal species such as Klebsormidium, Spirogyra, Lymgbya, Nitzschia, Pinnularia. Temperature change during winter may be probable reason for diatoms as dominant species. Fishes preferred diatoms as food. It is reported that dominancy of diatoms in aquatic body improve the growth of fish and shrimp to meet their nutritional demandL3⁸.Ichhamati a number of variety of fishes. We examined gut sample of Mystes tengara and found Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Pinnularia, Chlorella, Pithophora and Chlorococcum from gut sample. So it is clear that algae provide a large part of food for fishes in river Ichhamati. Present study identified 7 cyanophycean algae reportedly having biological nitrogen fixing ability ³⁹ and resulting river bank soil fertility and cessation of submerged weeds growth. Green algae Chlorella vulgaris conain good quantity of protein ⁴⁰ and important source of fish food and their growth, immunity⁴¹.

Conclusions

It may be concluded that ecosystem of river Ichhamati is suitable for algal growth and diversity. Data of present observation in the sense of dominance showed by different group of algae  and present observation reported accordingly 47% belongs to Chlorophyta, 23% are Cyanophyta and 30% are Diatoms form food reserve for aquatic animal. According to their dominancy various algal division were Chlorophyta > Cyanophyta > Bacillariophyta in the autumn, spring and monsoon. In winter it was observed that the dominancy is Bacillariophyta > Chlorophyta > Cyanophyta and in summer Cyanophycea > Chlorophyceae > Bacillariophyceae. It may also reported that Ichhamati is good for fishery mainly for Hilsha fish. But in spring, summer and rainy season salinity, TDS is very high and this may be mixing of sea water during high tide. Presence of sufficient concentration of nitrate and potassium ions justified that river bank is fertile for agricultural purpose.

Acknowledgement

The authors are extremely grateful to Governing Body and Research monitoring committee of Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College for financial assistance and funding research project.

Conflict of Interest

Both the author declares that they have no conflict of interest.

Fund Sources

Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College. Fund No. – College/Science/2018-19/RP.

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