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100 Most Cited Articles in Urban Green and Open Spaces: A Bibliometric Analysis

Mehd Rakhshandehroo1 , Mohd Johari Mohd Yusof1 , Nader Ale Ebrahim2 * , Ali Sharghi2 and Roozbeh Arabi1

1 Faculty Of Design And Architecture, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

2 Research Support Unit, Centre of Research Services, Institute Of Research Management And Monitoring (Ippp), University Of Malaysia, Malaysia

3 Faculty Of Architecture And Urban Planning, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (Srttu), Tehran, Iran

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.2.08

Researchers have contributed significantly to the development of the subject of urban green and open spaces (UGOS) in both practical and fundamental aspects. As the number of citations indicates a paper and author’s competency, the online web of science (ISI) was browsed to identify the 100 most cited papers in the field of UGOS from 1980 to 2013. Papers were analyzed for authorship, journal sources, publishers, institutions, countries, year of publication, categories, and author keywords. The total number of citations was compared to the average number of citations per year. From 1105 UGOS papers returned, the maximum number of citations was 212. The top 100 most cited were published from 1988 to 2011, with the majority in 2007. A remarkable distinction was found in the comparison of total citations and average citations per year. As total linear trend indicates a significant growth in influential articles, urban green and open spaces are a developing subject in landscape and urban planning. This study gives an insight into the readership of UGOS by highlighting key papers.


Bibliometric; Citations; Green space; Landscape; Open space; Urban planning

Copy the following to cite this article:

Rakhshandehroo M, Yusof M. J. M, Ebrahim N. A, Sharghi A, Arabi R. 100 Most Cited Articles in Urban Green and Open Spaces: A Bibliometric Analysis. Curr World Environ 2015;10(2) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.2.08

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Rakhshandehroo M, Yusof M. J. M, Ebrahim N. A, Sharghi A, Arabi R. 100 Most Cited Articles in Urban Green and Open Spaces: A Bibliometric Analysis. Curr World Environ 2015;10(2). Available from: http://www.cwejournal.org/?p=12548


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Article Publishing History

Received: 2015-07-09
Accepted: 2015-08-07

Introduction

In the context of urban studies, a great number of terms and definitions refer to “urban green and open space” (UGOS) such as open space, green space, public space, and urban greenery. Parks and public gardens, as the most well-known UGOS, are associated with amenity green spaces, having a high quality of landscape design and maintenance. On the other hand, experimental green spaces are often referred to as green feel, which users consciously or unconsciously experience within a certain area. Therefore, the constitution of UGOS varies among different groups of people, for example, between citizens and researchers, where human influences convert natural areas into urban areas, as UGOS is a reflection of human demand for greenery. They can vary from a simple playing field to natural landscape or highly maintained environment and are mostly provided with open access to public, although they may be privately owned.

For the purpose of this study UGOS contains all types of public or private open spaces in urban areas which are completely or mostly covered with vegetation. Water bodies such as rivers, streams and lakes are included but not all green areas outside urban borders. Furthermore, these UGOS play a key role to improve the environment through landscape enhancement, better air quality, and noise reduction, which result in the enhancement of well being and quality of citizens’ life1;2.

As a type of biblometric method, citation indices trace the references in a published paper.It exhibits how many times a specific article has been cited in other articles.The avenues to evaluate citation tracking have been significantly raised in the past years.3, 5 The frequency of citation of the publication is assumed to display the impact of the  publication, but not essentially their quality.6 Evidently, citation count alone is not sufficient to provide a complete criteria for judging scientific paper quality, in particular when there exist numerous mechanisms to boost the citation of a paper.7, 8 It should be added that rather than alternative metrics, citations remain a main indicator of the importance of a research output.9-11

In this study, top-cited articles,12 classic papers,13 top publications 14 or most frequently cited articles 15 in different categories related to UGOS have been studied.16 For a long time now, bibliometric studies have been widely applied to evaluate research papers by measuring scientific preferences (for example, Saracevi & Perk, 1973) and different aspects have been studied such as: annual publication outputs, authors, language, categories, journals, publishers, contributing institutes, and countries, and keywords.17 This study not only evaluates the publication characteristics: language, annual publications, countries, and institutional contributions, and Web of Science categories, but also evaluates researchers’ trends and emphasis by analyzing author keywords in UGOS topic. The result shows the top-cited articles in the field of UGOS.

Methods and Materials

The Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) in 1962 launched the Science Citation Index for scientific journals in a consistent and systematic manner in order to measure citation numbers.  A paper quality is best recognized by citation count.18 According to the number of times a paper has been cited by other authors, the scientific impact of that paper, author, or journal can be evaluated.19 In this bibliometric research, we analyze citation indices to determine the key papers in urban green and open spaces.

The data utilized in this research were derived from the online Web of Science (the Tomson Reuters) on 29 August 2014. In order to find proper keywords an email survey was conducted, with 30 emails sent to experts as respondents and relevant keywords of UGOS investigated. Collected data were analyzed qualitatively and extracted keywords applied to search top articles from Web of Science core collection in terms of topic (including four sections: title, abstract, author keywords, and keyword plus) within the publication year limited to the period from 1980 to 2013, indices: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, these keywords were searched: ("green space*"), (greenspace*), ("urban space*" AND green*), ("urban space*" AND open), ("open space*"), ("green infrastructure*" AND Urban), ("public space*") or ("urban green*" NOT greenhouse). A total of 9,058 publications met the selection criteria. However, these publications contained some documents not closely related to UGOS, therefore the result was refined by Web of Science Categories:  Urban Studies. A total of 1,105 documents were therefore determined.

Citation statistics produced for a time frame shorter than three years may not be sufficiently stable.20, 21 Therefore, the documents from 2012 to 2014 were put aside. Furthermore, since the target of the data collection is the 100 most-cited articles most relevant to UGOS and, all 1105 documents were arranged according citations, and their abstracts studied. From 139 first documents, 39 which were not specific to UGOS were excluded, to reach 100 most cited articles that were analyzed statistically by Microsoft Excel. The details of the data collection process are illustrated in Fig.1.
 

Figure 1: Data collection process to search UGOS related researches 

Figure 1: Data collection process to search UGOS related researches
Click here to View figure

 

Figure 2: Number of papers per year 
Figure 2: Number of papers per year 
Click here to View figure


Results and Discussion

Paper and Authors’ Citations

Table 1, presents the list of 100 most-cited papers in urban green and open spaces that give an idea of readership. The paper by Chiesura,22 which explains the role of urban parks in a sustainable city, appears to be the most important, with a total of 212 citations. The nearest competitor is a literature review 23 about promoting the ecosystem and human health by using green infrastructure in urban areas, with a total of 183 citations. Besides that, the first and third top cited articles are review papers. These results are on the corresponding general belief that review articles had the highest number of citations.24, 25

Table 1: Top 100 article in urban green and open spaces (UGOS)

R

First Author

No.

R

First Author

No.

R

First Author

No.

1

Chiesura, 2004

212

35

Jim, 2003

61

66

Eliasson,  2007

41

2

Tzoulas, 2007

183

36

Barbosa, 2007

58

66

Fabos, 2004

41

3

Burgess, 1988

140

36

Colding, 2007

58

66

Jorgensen, 2002

41

4

Luttik, 2000

119

36

Breuste, 2004

58

71

Grahn, 2010

40

5

Valentine, 1996

118

36

Van, 2003

58

72

Sandstrom, 2006

38

6

Ruddick, 1996

108

40

Kong, 2006

57

72

Khakee, 2006

38

7

Pauleit,  2005

101

40

Cook, 2002

57

72

Breffle, 1998

38

8

Tratalos, 2007

98

42

James, 2009

55

75

Daniels, 1991

37

9

Whitford,  2001

97

42

Chang,  2007

55

76

Comber, 2008

36

10

Bengston, 2004

95

44

Carles, 1999

54

77

Troy, 2008

35

11

Tyrvainen, 2007

85

45

Gunnarsson  2007

53

77

Tajima, 2003

35

11

Tyrvainen, 1997

85

45

Walsh, 2007

53

77

Linehan, 1995

35

13

Bowler, 2010

80

45

Shafer, 2000

53

80

Balram, 2005

34

14

Thompson, 2002

79

45

Southworth, 1997

53

80

Daniels, 2005

34

15

Anderson, 2006

78

49

Sousa, 2003

52

80

Arendt, 2004

34

15

Jackson, 2003

78

50

Jim, 2004

51

80

Bondi, 1998

34

15

Tyrvainen, 1998

78

51

Jim, 2006a

50

84

Lyytimaki, 2009

32

18

Yeoh, 1998

77

52

Gill, 2008

49

84

Maruani, 2007

32

19

Atkinson, 2003

76

53

Shultz, 2001

48

86

Dobbs, 2011

31

19

Zerbe, 2003

76

54

Banerjee, 2001

47

87

Nagendra, 2010

30

21

Morancho, 2003

74

55

Flores, 1998

46

87

Gordon, 2009

30

22

Sandstrom, 2006

73

56

Allen, 2006

45

87

Nordh, 2009

30

22

Wolch, 2005

73

56

Ozguner, 2006

45

87

Haire, 2000

30

24

Mathieu, 2007

72

58

Hamin, 2009

44

91

Jorgensen, 2007

29

24

Heynen, 2006

72

58

Gobster, 2004

44

91

Zhang, 2006

29

26

Kong, 2007

70

58

Goss, 1996

44

93

Zhang & Wang, 2006

28

27

Matsuoka, 2008

68

61

(Buijs, 2009)

43

93

Walmsley, 2006

28

28

Jim, 2006b

66

61

(Lafortezza, 2009)

43

93

Kim, 2005

28

28

Acharya, 2001

66

61

(Julier, 2005)

43

93

Kuhn, 2003

28

28

Soule, 1991

66

61

(Mortberg, 2000)

43

93

Schmelzkopf, 200

28

31

Li, 2005

65

65

(Varsanyi, 2008)

42

93

Johnston, 1997

28

32

Irwin, 2004

64

66

(Jim, 2009)

41

99

Schipperijn, 2010

27

32

Hess, 2002

64

66

(Schilling, 2008)

41

99

Loukaitousideris, 1995

27

34

Gobster, 2001

62

           


The top 100 papers were published between 1988 and 2011 (Fig 2). During this period the number of papers increased consistently from 1 to 5. This number remained unchanged between 2000 and 2002. The trend is unsteady until the two years of 2006 and 2007 which showed the highest number of top-cited papers with 11 and 13 instances. The citation rate gradually decreased over the years that followed. This reduction over the last few years would seem logical  because citation of scientific papers normally starts one or two years after publication and reaches peak after about 10 years.26 All in all, total linear trend indicates an increasing consideration for UGOS.

Table 2 ranks the authors according the total citations they have received. It also demonstrates the two top cited articles for each author.  Jim, CY with 269 citations is placed first, followed by Tyrvainen, L with 248 and after him Ennos, AR obtained with 247 citations.

While our top 100 papers have 226 authors, only 20 authors wrote more than one article (see Table 3). Jim, CY is the highest ranked with five publications and a total of 269 citations which contain one paper with single author and four papers as first author. Tyrvainen, L; Pauleit, S; Chen, WY; Ennos, R and Handley, JF each contributed three papers. According to Table 2, single authors (Jim, CY; Tyrvainen, L and Kong, FH) published only three articles.

Table 2: The first 10 authors with the most citations

Rank

Author

Number of publications

Total citations

First article citations

Second article citations

1

Jim, CY

5

269

66

61

2

Tyrvainen, L

3

248

85

85

3

 Ennos, AR

3

247

101

97

4

 Niemela, J

2

238

183

55

5

 Hitchmough, J

2

238

183

55

6

Chiesura, A

1

212

212

0

7

Jorgensen, A

2

201

97

55

8

 Chen, WY

3

157

66

50

9

 Davies, RG

2

156

98

58

10

 Fuller, RA

2

156

98

58


Table 3: Authors with 2 publications and more

Rank

Author

Number of publications

Single Author

First Author

Collaborative Authors

1

Jim, CY

5

1

4

4

2

Tyrvainen, L

3

1

2

2

3

 Pauleit, S

3

__

1

2

4

 Chen, WY

3

__

__

3

4

 Ennos, R

3

__

__

3

4

 Handley, JF

3

__

__

3

7

Gobster, PH

2

1

1

1

8

Kong, FH

2

__

2

2

8

Jorgensen, A

2

__

2

2

8

Sandstrom, UG

2

__

2

2

11

 Angelstam, P

2

__

__

2

11

 Niemela, J

2

__

__

2

11

 Zipperer, WC

2

__

__

2

11

 Davies, RG

2

__

__

2

11

 Nakagoshi, N

2

__

__

2

11

 Fuller, RA

2

__

__

2

11

 Gaston, KJ

2

__

__

2

11

 Hitchmough, J

2

__

__

2

11

 Korpela, K

2

__

__

2

11

 Stigsdotter, UK

2

__

__

2


Journal Sources and Publishers

Results showed that these papers were published in 16 journals. The most popular journal was Landscape and Urban Planning with a total of 62 citations. This is more than nine times the citation number of its nearest competitor. Seven papers were published in the journal of Urban Geography and six in both journals of J AM Planning Assoc. Total citations and also impact factor of each journal were extracted from the website of the Journal Citation Report on 5/10/2014 and presented in Table 4. The journal impact factor is one of the most important measures that indicate the journal’s significance within the related fields.27 The impact factor was first introduced  by Garfield and Sher (1963) and has been widely applied to evaluate and rank journals.17 According to Table 4, the average impact factor is 1.46 which indicates the majority of these papers were published in the journals with high impact factors. Therefore, in order to attain a high number of citations, it is essential to publish papers in the English language as it appears to be a unique literary language used in UGOS and also to choose a high impact factor journal, which is advanced in science and continued development.28

Table 5  shows the publishers of 100 top articles. From all of the publishers, Elsevier Science BV individually published 64% of papers and the other 15 publishers only contributed to 36% of papers.

Table 4: Journal source

Journal Source

Number of Papers

Rank

Total Citations

Impact Factor

Landscape and urban planning

62

1

6203

2.606

Urban geography

7

2

923

1.746

Journal of the American planning association

6

3

1725

1.489

URBAN studies

6

3

4896

1.33

URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN greening

5

5

821

2.133

Journal of real estate finance and economics

2

6

1103

0.697

REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN economics

2

6

1579

0.971

Cities

2

6

1296

1.836

Journal of urban economics

1

9

3094

1.888

HOUSING studies

1

9

1038

0.895

URBAN AFFAIRS review

1

9

1019

1.293

Journal of urban technology

1

9

155

0.729

HABITAT international

1

9

1051

1.577

Journal of planning education and research

1

9

815

1.383

Journal of planning literature

1

9

408

1.522

Journal of urban affairs

1

9

673

1.298


Table 5: Publishers

Rank

Publisher

Number of Papers

1

ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

64

2

V H WINSTON & SON INC

6

3

ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG

5

4

AMER PLANNING ASSOC

4

4

CARFAX PUBL CO

4

6

ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

2

6

ROUTLEDGE TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD

2

6

SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC

2

6

ELSEVIER SCI LTD

2

6

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL

2

6

AMER PLANNING ASSN

2

12

ASSOC COLLEGIATE SCH PLANNING

1

12

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

1

12

CARFAX PUBLISHING

1

12

ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE

1

12

BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS

1


Countries and Institutes

The result shows that most of the papers originated from 22 countries, with the majority originating from the USA 37 followed by UK.19 

Table 6 shows the countries that have at least two papers. Previous authors have hypothesized that American authors are biased toward locally published papers when citing references,29 which may possibly explain our findings. If continents are analyzed, 40 papers come from Europe, 39 from North America and 21 from Asia Pacific (Table 6).

Table 6: Number of publication of countries which have two or more publications

Country

Number of publications

Rank

USA

37

1

UK

19

2

Sweden

7

3

China

7

3

Finland

4

5

Australia

3

6

Netherlands

3

6

Denmark

2

8

Canada

2

8

Spain

2

8

Germany

2

8

Japan

2

8


The result also shows that from 80 universities and institutions that published top papers, 68 have merely a single paper and the others contributed two papers or more as shown in Table 7. University of Sheffield and University of Hong Kong are the most fruitful with five papers followed by US Forest Serv. and University of Massachusetts with three papers.

Table 7:  Number of publication of institute which have two or more publications

Rank

University

Number of publications

1

Univ Sheffield

5

1

Univ Hong Kong

5

3

Us Forest Serv

3

3

Univ Massachusetts

3

5

Univ Manchester

2

5

Hiroshima Univ

2

5

Univ Salford

2

5

Univ Colorado

2

5

Arizona State Univ

2

5

Univ So Calif

2

5

Univ Joensuu

2

5

Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr

2


Document Types and Categories

The distribution of document types identified by ISI was analyzed. These papers consist of four document types, and articles are dominant with 83 documents, followed by review articles9; Proceedings Papers 7 and editorial materials.1 The distribution related to the language of the articles also was analyzed and all these papers are published in English (Table 7).

Regarding Web of Science categories (Table 8) all papers are categorized under urban studies because of the refinement during data collection. Environmental studies77 and geography 69 are in the second and third ranks. This result indicates most papers are considered under two or more categories.

Table 8: Web of science categories 

Rank

Web of Science categories

Number of papers

1

Urban Studies

100

2

Environmental Studies

77

3

Geography

69

4

Ecology

62

4

Geography, Physical

62

6

Planning & Development

9

7

Forestry

5

7

Economics

5

7

Plant Sciences

5

10

Business, Finance

2


Author keyword

In recent years, bibliometric analysis of author keywords has been able to provide a reasonably sophisticated picture of the papers’ subjects.17 In order to illuminate research trends, frequency of author keywords should be analyzed quantitatively (table 9). Keywords according to the authors’ views were used not more than 19 times (green space*) which indicated that UGOS papers have involved a wide range of research focuses and diverse scientific literature. Except the author’s keywords “green space”, “open space” and “urban green space” related to the searching keywords, three most frequently applied author keywords are: “urban planning,10 urban park,6 and “land use.6 On the other hand, all of these key words are collocations of two or three words, therefore they have been separated and analyzed for the second round and this time the frequency of the first key word was urban.71

Table 9: The most frequently used author keywords

No

Keywords

Number of repetitions

Rank

Separated Keywords

Number of repetitions

Rank

1

green space*

19

1

urban

71

1

2

urban planning

10

2

planning

32

2

3

open space*

7

3

green

31

3

4

urban park*

6

4

space*

30

4

5

urban green space*

6

4

landscape

20

5

6

land use

6

4

City*

20

5

7

urban forest

5

7

land

17

7

8

urban ecology

4

8

environment*

16

8

9

public health

4

8

ecology*

16

8

10

compact city

3

10

value*

15

10

11

environmental psychology

3

10

nature*

11

11

12

Green Infrastructure

3

10

ecosystem*

11

11

13

urban forestry

3

10

conservation

10

13

14

Urban biodiversity

3

10

open

9

14

15

ecosystem services

3

10

hedonic

9

14

16

landscape ecology

3

10

greenway*

9

14

17

landscape metrics

3

10

public

8

17

18

Contingent valuation

3

10

Design

8

17

19

 

park*

8

17


Study Limitation

It should be noted that this study has some methodological limitations. Firstly, we applied online ISI web of knowledge, so the papers not indexed in this database are ignored. Secondly, all journals have specific approaches to reject or accept submitted manuscripts; therefore the particular journals which have stricter selection criteria may affect the quality of their publications. That is why 62% of 100 top cited articles have been found in one article. Thirdly, citation count might encounter some problems such as authors’ preference for self-citation, or cite free full access articles, review papers, well known authors, papers by colleagues as well as cite papers from the journal they are going to submit their work to. Finally, publication year influences citation index and the number of citations for each paper; therefore recent papers do not have sufficient time to reach a high citation rate in comparison with older ones.

Table 10: Comparison of average number of citations per year and total citation

Document Title

Year Published

Total citations

citation per year

Rank for total citations

Rank for citation per year

Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: a literature review.

2007

183

26.14

2

1

The role of urban parks for a sustainable city.

2004

212

21.20

1

2

Urban greening to cool town and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence.

2010

80

20.00

13

3

Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services

2007

98

14.00

8

4

Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and green areas

2007

85

12.14

11

5

People needs in the urban landscape: Analysis of Landscape and Urban Planning contributions

2008

68

11.33

27

6

Modeling the environmental impacts  of urban land use and land cover change – a study in Merseyside, UK

2005

101

11.22

7

7

Toward an integrated understanding of green space in European built environment.

2009

55

11.00

42

8

A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and good indicators.

2011

31

10.33

86

9

Mapping private gardens in urban areas using object-oriented techniques and very high-resolution satellite imagery.

2007

72

10.29

24

10
 


Conclusion

This study can be considered the first report on the top cited papers in UGOS. The priority of the papers was arranged according to the citations they have received. Total citations were extracted from Web of Science Core Collection Times Cited Count but analyzing merely total citation is a potential flaw as it gives a bias to the older papers because during a longer time they would have accumulated a high number of citations which may be of less significance and influence than a more recent paper. Therefore, the average number of citations per year is used as a yardstick against which to reflect the importance of articles.

A comparison was made between the total number of citations and the average number of citations per year, of the top 10 articles (Table 10) emerging 42 and 86 ranking of total citations, between top 10 high ranks of average citation per year indicates how different these two criteria can be. From a total of 1,105 UGOS papers returned using our methods, the paper with the maximum number of average citations per year [26.14] was  written by Tzoulas,23 which has the second highest number of total citations. The second highest number of average citations per year is the paper written by Chiesura,22 which achieved first rank with a total citation of 212.

Conflict of Interest

We confirm that no authorities have any conflict of interest in the process of producing this paper. No authors have a personal relationship with other organizations or people that could influence this research inappropriately and also there has not been any financial benefit attached to this paper.

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