Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal Collector (PVT) by Cooling using Nano Fluid in the Climate Condiation of India

The hybrid PVT collector is built to deliver simultaneously using heat energy and electrical current. The overall efficiency increases with increased heat removal, lowering the cell temperature. The current study investigates the effect on heat removal rate using copper nanoparticles dissipated in volume fractions of 2% and 3% with pure water. Using mathematical modeling is constructed from the heat balance equation in different components of the PVT collector. It is found that as the volume concentration increases, the electrical performance is also increased. Average electrical efficiencies are 14.5%, 14.8%, 16.8%, and thermal efficiency are 30.59%, 27.32%, and 21.27% for summer, winter, and monsoon seasons, climatic conditions of the city Ujjain of India, respectively.


Introduction
Nowadays, energy is an essential part of many businesses.For almost all industries, fossil fuels have been the primary energy source, but because of their depletion and environmental hazards, developing countries have developed other strategies for supplying energy.One innovative renewable energy source that is receiving attention is solar energy, which can generate both electrical and thermal energy.Solar energy given that solar energy reserves are limitless.Its use is flexible and pollution-free; it should soon overtake other energy sources as the primary source for human activity. 1otovoltaic (PV) technology is acknowledged as a critical strategy for achieving sustainable development and lowering carbon emissions.Increasing electrical efficiency and reducing manufacturing costs are crucial for technological innovation to promote the development of PV technology.Reducing surplus energy from the photovoltaic module is essential to enhance the performance because the converting effectiveness of the PV panel declines with the growing working temperatures. 2lar PV modules' electrical efficiency decreases as the surface temperature rises over time.PV modules' heat degradation must be reduced to raise system efficiency. 3,4Can be done by inserting the heat absorber sheet with tubes composed of high rate of heat transfer material and flowing liquid like air, liquid, and nano composit liquid on the back side of the solar module.A photovoltaic heat collector generates heat and electrical current from sun irradiation by fusing a heat collector and a solar panel. 5,6By removing extra heat from the solar module and increasing pefromance of the photovoltaic module and surplus heat is used to water heating and space heating. 7e PVT system's purpose is to improve the transformation of solar radiation into electric energy.Several design factors, including the mass transfer rate, the number of glass covers, the absorbing tube's design, diameter and thickness, and the heat medium's thermal conductivity, affect how well the PVT system performs.Different researchers have documented a significant amount of work on PVT systems based on air, water and nanofluid cooling on PVT system.Primary work is focused on air and water cooling system.Wolf (1976) A mathematical examination of the effectiveness of a composite photovoltaic heat collector connected to a heat preserves tank has been conducted.Using the weather in Boston, his assessment is applied to a solitary house.The outcomes demonstrated that combining a heat collector with a solar module is a workable strategy.In the following work, several studies were undertaken to examine a composite photovoltaicthermal collector's heat and electrical effectiveness. 8rhaddi et al. (2010) looked into the efficiency of PV/T air collectors.The heat and electrical effectiveness reportedly increased to 17.18% and 10.01%, respectively. 9slan et al. (2020).Did a numerical and experimental evaluation of a PVT system air is used at mass transfer rates of 0.045 kg/sec and 0.031 kg/sec.The findings revealed that the transfer rate of 0.045 kg/ sec had an average current and heat effectiveness of 13.98% and 49.5%, respectively. 10ang et al. (2001).It has contrasted the effectiveness of a typical solar water heater system to that of a PVT collector that uses water as heat removal fluid.The PVT system's total effectiveness was 38%, 76% more effective than a solar water heater. 11Yazdanpanahi et al. (2015).Investigated both experimental and numerical research were done on the PVT water collector.With a relative error of 3.96%, it has been stated that the numerical results match the experiment's measurement.The PVT water collector's most incredible exergy efficiency was reported to be 13.95%. 12te et al. (2015).To assess the electrical and thermal characteristics, a new mathematical model was used to construct a flat plate PV/T collector and experimentally suggest a novel glazed PV/T module.It was discovered the inventive PV/T module outperforms a basic module in the numerical analysis of a three-dimensional PV/T module with and without a cooling system. 13now a days nanofluid cooling is more efficient as compare to water and air cooling system.Various research carried out using nanofluid in PVT collector.Using nanofluid to improve heat transfer properties will increase collector effectiveness while lowering PV cell temperature.Solutions from dispersing solid particles of a nanometric size in a primary fluid are known as nanofluids. 14oi (1995).Indicate the solid nanoparticles suspension in the base liquid.It was discovered that adding Al2O3 to water boosted its effective thermal conductivity by 20% for volume fractions of 1 to 5%. 17usefi et al. (2012) Investigated the impact on the effectiveness of the PVT collector by adding nanopartical of Al 2 O 3 (0.002 and 0.004 by weight of 15nm size) to pure water and using the resulting retention as a cooling liquid in place of pure water.According to the study, suspension 0.002 of nano alumina by mass improve the system efficiency when employing nanofluids by 28.3% compared to water as a cooling liquid. 18rdarabadi et al. (2014) They have reported an experimental study on a silica/water nanofluidcooled plate-and-channel PVT system.The result indicates that energy and exergy efficiency can be enhanced when nanoparticle mass concentration varies from 1% to 3%.In a plate and channel PV/T system, they employed different nanofluids.Conclusion: TiO 2 /water and ZnO/water nanofluids outperformed Al 2 O 3 /water concerning electrical energy output, and ZnO/water beat Al 2 O 3 /water concerning thermal efficiency. 19adiri et al. (2015).Purified water and a ferro liquid (Fe3O4-water) at concentrations of 1% and 3% each were used to assess the performance of a PVT collector.They discovered utilizing a 3% ferro liquid increased the PVT system's overall effectiveness by 45%.The total performance was enhanced to almost 50% when a cooling fluid with a 50 Hz alternating magnetic field was utilized. 20enoy A et al. (2016) The curved channel have recently been used in various energy transfer applications to enchance the amount of heat exchanged and improve effectiveness.A more significant and reliable heat transfer can be achieved in the curved channel system by expanding the energy transfer area and having a evenly dispersed of the tubes. 21  The mass transfer rates of the nanosolution ranged from 0.0084 to 0.0336 kg/sec.Electrical and heat performance rose by 0.6% and 5.13%, respectively, with a maximum mass transfer speed of 120 kg/h.24Al-Waeli et al. (2019) Discover the optimal cooling fluid, researchers experimentally compared the viscosity, density, and thermo-physical characteristics of three different kinds of nanofluids.All of the investigated nanofluids had higher densities and viscosities than pure water.According to their findings, ethylene glycol-water mixtures exhibit a more significant density increase than the others when compared to water; nevertheless, propylene glycol-water mixtures exhibit greater viscosity growth than the other types of examined nanofluids.For PVT applications, new varieties of COSO 4 -based Ag nanofluid have been tested as spectrum beam splitters. 25 Mishaa et al. (2019).Determine the exit water and exterior temperature of photovoltaic heat collector using mathematical calculation, where radiation exposure of 0.6, 0.8, and 0.10 kWh with the mass transfer speed at 0.024, 0.048, and 0.060 kg/sec and water temperature inlet 26 o C. Perform CFD Simulation and Experimental Analysis of photovoltaic heat collector using water as acoolent through Natural Malaysian Climate.For this inquiry, the experiment was performed outside in the Malaysian climate at various transfer rates between 0.024-0.084kg/sec.The experimental results were used to validate the CFD results.26 Yuting et al. (2020) It investigated the numerical evaluation of a photovoltaic heat collector using two different nanofluids as a heat removal agent.They discovered that the Al 2 O 3 /water nanofluid PVT collectors perform better than the TiO 2 /water nanofluid PVT collectors.The electrical effectiveness of the PVT system is considerably more noticeable when the mass transfer rate of the nanofluid is 0.03 kg/sec.27 Mohamed et al. (2020) Perform a numerical analysis of the effects of dispersing copper (Cu) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles in pure water on the effectiveness of a covered photovoltaicthermal collector (PVT) enhanced using nanofluids.According to the results, utilizing Cu-water nanofluid can improve system effectiveness more effectively than Al 2 O 3 /water.Additionally, the findings show that utilizing a 2% volume concentration of copper nanoparticles enhances Cu water nanofluid's heat and electrical effectiveness by 4.1% and 1.9%, respectively, over pure water.28 Madalina et al. (2021) Parametric analysis is used to evaluate the effects of different factors on electrical, heat, and total effectiveness.The findings indicated that, in most cases, there was a trade-off between electrical and heat effectiveness.In terms of wind speed and insulation, low wind and high insulation provide thermal advantages that outweigh the reduction in electrical efficiency.It was discovered that when the packing factor is maximized, the electrical gains outweigh the heat loss.The heat exchanger's channels' width should also be increased to the full extent of available technology for maximum performance.29 Jidesh et al. (2021) A semi transparent photovoltaicthermal composit collector utilizing CuO nanofluid was experimentally validated.It was discovered indicates the typical decrease in solar panel temperatures of semitransparent photovoltaic heat collector using water and CuO nanosolution was 9 and 12 o C, accordingly.SPV-THC's electrical effectiveness increased by 11.2% and 5.9% when employing CuO nanofluid and water compared to traditional opaque photovoltaic modules.30 In the current scenario, different researchers use ANN to validate and forecast the performance parameters of PVT collectors.
Adriano Pamain et al. (2022) Find out the various non-linear autoregressive artificial neural network algorithms employed in photovoltaic power output prediction.The results of the experiment and forecasts show good agreement.The estimated energy from both modules using the Bayesian regularisation algorithm demonstrates good processing capabilities compared to the other three algorithms, which are apparent from the measured performance indices, and all the techniques outperformed each other. 31as Taha Sayed et al. (2022) They look at the use of AI to boost the heat and performance of nanofluid-based PV heat/nano-increses phase change materials.The recommended method combines PSO (particle warm optimization) with ANFIS modeling.The following four operating variables are taken into account: heat transfer liquid mass transfer rate, phase change material layer thickness, mass fraction of nanoparticles in phase change material, and mass fraction of nanoparticles in nanofluid.An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model has been created using a dataset to simulate heat energy and exergy outputs about the aforementioned working parameters.The optimal PCM thickness, mass transfer rate, MFNPCM, and MFN fluid values are then estimated using PSO. 32rhan Büyükalaca et al. 2023.Carry out numerical analysis and ANN modeling of the effectiveness of hexagonal BN-water nanofluid PVT collectors, and analyze the PVT collector's effective parameters using various input parameters.The findings showed that while the electrical effectiveness constantly rises as the volume concentration ratio rises, the heat effect grows up to 0.18 volume concentration before declining.Additionally, utilizing the hBN/water nanofluid, two separate sets of ANN models were created to forecast five effectiveness metrics of the PVT collector. 33cording to a thorough literature analysis, nanofluids can enhance the effectiveness of photovoltaic-thermal systems.The heat and electrical effectiveness of a plate and tube-based PVT solar collector using Cu/water nanofluid at a volume fraction of 2% and 3% as a coolant to remove heat from the absorber sheet is investigated on summer, winter, and monsoon season using a mathematical model.

Methodology Collector Design & Overview
Fig. 1 shows the design of the plate and tube-type photovoltaic heat collector it was thought of for this work.The composite system is covered in glass.An air gap separates it from the PV panel glass.The hybrid solar system's numerous parts include the photovoltaic panel, an absorber sheet attached below the PV panel through an adhesive covering, and finally, an attached fluid flowing channel on the back surface of the absorber sheet.The heat-removing liquid moving through the channel transfers the heat the absorbing plate holds.The heat used to heat the solar cells is converted into usable energy.The bottom and corners of the hybrid collector are covered with insulating material. 46,47e effectiveness of a PVT collector based on nanofluids is examined in summer, winter, and monsoon conditions.Likewise, the results of diffusing nanoparticles at various volume fractions in pure water.Geometrical characteristics of the fluidflowing tube and the effect of nanofluid mass transfer rate on module temperature.he amount of solar energy and the atmospheric air temperature rise initially, peaking around noon, then gradually declining during the day.Average wind speeds are considered for mathematical calculations throughout the year.The impact of dust buildup and relative humidity is disregarded.It is consider that solar panels are installed perpendicular to the path of solar radiation and that the PVT collector's slope angle is 30 degrees.Developed Excel VBA program to build a mathematical model and solve the energy balance equation and obtain performance parameters for various seasons.Table 3 includes the design specifications for this nanofluid-based PVT collector.Process of calculation show in Fig. 2 (a)

Fig. 2.( a) Process of mathematical calculation Heat Balance Equation For PVT System
A portion of the solar radiation that strikes the PVT collector and enters the PV module is transformed into electricity by the solar cell.The working fluid cools the sticky layer and absorber plate, which also transfers extra heat from the photovoltaic module.An energy balance that describes the movement of heat between various system components is applied at each layer to simulate the photovoltaic thermal collector.For mathematical modeling, the ensuing presumption is taken into account. 34 The energy distribution of various components of the PVT collector is assumed to be onedimensional.

2.
Thermo physical characteristics like thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and specific heat of coolant are temperature independent.

3.
Each PVT component should have a consistent temperature, and the edges of the PVT collector should be perfectly insulated; energy transfer between the system to surrounding is negligible.4.
No dust accumulation and partial shading on the PV panel are considered.

5.
The optical properties like reflection, Transmittance, and absorption of the material remain constant along the area.6.
Ohmic losses of the photovoltaic cells are negligible.

Heat Balance Equation for Glass Cover
In this concept, solar energy strikes the glass cover, where it is first absorbed in part by the environment and in part by the photovoltaic cell via heat transfer.

Result and Anlysis
This study evaluates the performance of PVT collectors in the Indian city of Ujjain over the summer, winter, and monsoon seasons when utilizing copper/ water as a coolant in volume fractions of 2% and 3%.

Atmospheric Parameters
The hourly variations of sun irradiation, atmospheric temperatures, atmospheric air velocity, and atmospheric relative humidity are used in the mathematical calculation and are displayed in Fig. 3 Additionally, the production of solar cells in terms of electricity is greatly influenced by the ambient temperature. 30e average air velocity depicted in Fig. 3(c) Wind speed fluctuates from 5 to 6 m/sec in the summer, from 2 to 4 m/sec in the winter, and from 3 to 5 m/ sec in the monsoon.The atmospheric air velocity has affected convection related heat loss. 30ig. 3

PVT Collector Outlet Temperature of Fluid
The outlet temperature of nanofluid is calculated in different seasons at 2% cu/water volume fraction and the diameter of the tube is 0.015 m with mass transfer rates variations from 0.016 to 0.036 kg/sec.The outlet temperature gradually increases morning from 6 h to noon and slightly decreases in the evening at 16 h.The maximum outlet temperature is achieved at noon in different seasons.It is noticed that increase in mass transfer speed between 0.016 to 0.036 kg/sec the outlet temperature is slightly reduced. 42Maximum outlet temperature achieved in summer is 35 o C at a mass transfer speed is 0.016 kg/sec.and minimum value achieved in winter seasons is 25 o C at a mass transfer rate of 0.036 kg/sec.an another hand considering cu/ water volume fraction is 3%, the thermo physical property of the nanofluid is changed. 14    At constant solar radiation 876 w/m 2 and tube diameter 0.015 m and different volume fractions 2%, 3%, and 4%.This suggests that the increase in mass transfer permits a high evacuation quantity of heat from the PVT system.Thereby the working cell temperature is reduced. 27As opposed to that, increase in volume fraction, the exit temperature is also increasing.From morning six hours to noon, thermal efficiency slightly rises, and from afternoon until 16 hours in the evening, it slightly falls.thermal efficiency is reached at 33%, 30%, and 26%.Mass transfer rate directly influences thermal efficiency.Increasing the mass transfer rate results in a modest gain in thermal efficiency.Present result is compare to prvious litrature 36,28 On the other hand, the volume fraction is thought     From morning until noon, heat gain increases somewhat, and from noon to evening, it decreases slightly.Summer time is when heat gain is at its highest, and wintertime is when it is at its lowest.It is observed that an enhance the mass flow also increase in pressure drop and pumping power of the PVT system. 27is based on the numerical equation   Thermal performance increased with increasing the mass transfer rate.Thermal efficiency decrease with increasing volume fraction.Maximum thermal efficiency is achieved in the month of summer at 32.5% in volume fraction is 2% and mass transfer rate is 0.036kg/sec.

4.
The electrical effectiveness of the PVT collector is improved with increasing the mass transfer rate and volume fraction.

5.
Heat gain is increased when increasing in the mass transfer rate and reduced with increasing volume fraction.Maximum heat gain is 399.92 wh achieved in the summer season at a volume fraction is 2% and mass transfer rate of 0.036 kg/sec.6.
Pumping power and pressure drop increases in the mass transfer rate increase.
The summarized work of this investigation is for the electrical effectiveness of PV modules in winter and monsoon seasons is more suitable compared to the summer season because, in winter and monsoon seasons, the atmospheric temperature is near to the STC condition and gives minimum voltage loss in PV panels.It is more suitable for the better electrical performance of the system. 3,4ture work will focus on establishing an experimental stand to validate the model and the dynamic fusion with household customers.Also, perform uncertainty analysis for the accuracy of experimental results.
On the other hand, find out the exergy and costeffectiveness of a physical model.

Fayaz
et al. (2018) They have examine the response of the PVT collector to the closed-loop mass transfer speed of the MWCNT nanosolution.

Fig. 3 (
Fig. 3 (a): Hourly change of sun radiation Fig. 3: (b) Hourly change of ambient temperatures (a), Fig.3(b), Fig.3(c), and Fig.3(d) for summer, winter, and monsoon.It is observed that the maximum sun radiation available at noon in summer, winter, and monsoon is 983 w/m 2 , 800 w/m 2 , and 600 w/m 2 as shown in Fig.3(a).The variation of ambient temperature is indicates in Fig.3.(b)ambient temperature gradually risees from morning to afternoon and slightly reduces to evening.The maximum temperature achieved at noon in different seasons is 40 o C, 30 o C and 25 o C. The surrounding temperature greatly influences convective, radiative, and conductive heat losses.

Fig. 5 .
(a), Fig.5.(b), and Fig.5.(c) indicates the hourly fluctuation of outlet temperature at a volume fraction of 3%, and the diameter of the tube remains same with same mass transfer rate variation.The outlet temperature of fluid slightly rises with the rising volume fraction in different seasons, respectively.The maximum outlet temperature is achieved in summer at 36 o C at a mass transfer speed of 0.016 kg/sec.And the minimum value achieved in winter seasons is 26 o C at a mass transfer speed 0.036 kg/sec.

Fig. 7 .
Fig.7.shown the flactuation of outlet temperature with mass transfer rate for monsoon season.

Fig. 11 :
Fig.11: Heat effectiveness with mass transfer rate at different volume fractionsHeat Gain of PVT CollectorDifferent seasons are used to calculate beneficial heat gain.The hourly fluctuation of heat gain for a volume percentage of 2%, a constant tube diameter of 15 mm, and various mass transfer rates of 0.016 and 0.026 kg/sec are indicated in Fig.12(a)and Fig.12(b).From morning until noon, heat gain increases somewhat, and from noon to evening, it decreases slightly.Summer time is when heat gain is at its highest, and wintertime is when it is at its lowest.

Fig. 13 :Fig. 14 :
Fig. 13 : Hourly flactuation of heat gain in Ø 3% and mass transfer rate 0.016 kg/sec Fig. 15(c) show the hourly fluctuation of the back surface temperature of cu/water nanofluid PVT collector in volume fraction 2%, at a diameter of tube 15 mm, and varies mass transfer rates between 0.016 to 0.036 kg/sec.Back surface temperature increases between morning to noon and slightly decreases between noon to evening.Back surface temperature affects the heat and electrical effectiveness of the PVT system.The corresponding maximum temperature is 71 o C, 66 o C, and 31 o C in summer, winter, and monsoon.With a mass transfer speed of 0.016 kg/sec.Back surface temperature is affected by the mass transfer rate.Rises the mass flow and reduces the back surface temperature.Minimum back surface temperature is achieved at 0.036 kg/sec.present calculated result is compare to 36 khanjari et al. 2017.

Fig. 16 .Fig. 16 .Fig. 16 .Fig. 17
Fig.16.(a): Hourly fluctuation of back surface temperature at mass transfer speed 0.016 kg/ sec and Ø=3% Fig.17(a) Show the hourly fluctuation of back surface temperature at a volume fraction of 2% and constant mass transfer rate of 0.016 kg/sec in different tube diameter 12 and 15 mm in summer, winter, and monsoon.The diameter of the tube is inversely connected to the energy extraction of fluid and its ability to improve heat extraction from the back side sheet and enhance better PV cooling effect.Fig.17(a) shows the temperature reduction with decreasing the tube diameter.27 Fig.17(a) Show the hourly fluctuation of back surface temperature at a volume fraction of 2% and constant mass transfer rate of 0.016 kg/sec in different tube diameter 12 and 15 mm in summer, winter, and monsoon.The diameter of the tube is inversely connected to the energy extraction of fluid and its ability to improve heat extraction from the back side sheet and enhance better PV cooling effect.Fig.17(a) shows the temperature reduction with decreasing the tube diameter.27

27
Fig.17(a) Show the hourly fluctuation of back surface temperature at a volume fraction of 2% and constant mass transfer rate of 0.016 kg/sec in different tube diameter 12 and 15 mm in summer, winter, and monsoon.The diameter of the tube is inversely connected to the energy extraction of fluid and its ability to improve heat extraction from the back side sheet and enhance better PV cooling effect.Fig.17(a) shows the temperature reduction with decreasing the tube diameter.27

Fig. 18
Fig.18 Indicates the fluctuation of back surface temperature against mass transfer rate at a volume fraction of 2% and a tube diameter of 15 mm in different seasons.An enhance the mass flow rate allows for a reduction in the rear side temperature. 28Maximum rear side temperature is achieved in the summer season and minimum in winter.

Fig. 21 :
Fig. 21: Electrical efficiency with the mass transfer rate

Fig. 22 :
Fig. 22: Variation of pumping power and pressure with a mass flow rate

Fig. 23 :
Fig. 23: overall effectiveness in different weather conditions Conclusions In this study, the mathematical calculation is carried out for different components of a nanofluidbased PVT collector.It examines the performance parameters of the PVT collector in different seasons at 2% and 3% volume fractions of cu/water, fluid.The accuracy of predicted result is compare to the numrical results avalible in litrature.Following conclusions are obtained.

Table . 2
show the thermophysical property of nanofluid.
Back surface temperature is calculated in summer, winter, and monsoon seasons in different volume fractions of 2% and 3% at a tube diameter is 15 mm and variation of mass transfer rate between 0.016 kg/sec to 0.036 kg/sec.
1.The exit temperature of the fluid is inversely connected with the mass transfer rate.And directly connected with tube diameter.Enhance the mass transfer rate to reduce the exit temperature.And enlarge the tube diameter exit temperature of the fluid increases.And another way to increase the volume fraction the exit temperature of the fluid is also increased.Maximum exit temperature is achieved in the summer seasons at a volume fraction of 3%, tube diameter of 15 mm, and mass transfer 0.016 kg/sec is 35.28 o C 2. Back surface temperature is inversely related to mass transfer rate.And directly connected to the tube diameter.With the enhance in the mass transfer rate, the back surface temperature is reduced, And Tube diameter is reduced back surface temperature is reduced.3.