Environmental Issues and their Possible Solutions for Sustainable Development India: A Review

Human activity has drastically impacted the earth's ecology, resulting in significant changes in the environment over the ages. Developing countries like India have extensive intervention of life form activities has intensified environmental problems, soil degradation, greenhouse effect, global warming, and ecological imbalance. These difficulties have directly impacted the quality and maintenance of the environment. Research and statistics clearly indicate that if current trends continue, situations would worsen in the near future. Sustainable solutions, such as bioremediation for water pollution and microbial decomposition for crop residue waste, are becoming increasingly important and demand huge exposure in order to minimize the negative effects of human activities and assure sustainable development. Microorganisms play a significant part in carbon as well as other nutrient cycling, and their influence on climate change deserves special consideration. If microorganisms and nutrient cycling are connected, they operate as an effective strategy for addressing many environmental issues like soil degradation, global warming, and ecological imbalance. Thus, this paper aimed to close a research and evaluation gap by analyzing environmental challenges and their long-term growth.


Introduction
Human activities are the main factors in the destruction of Earth's living conditions.Human impact has led to a rise in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, soil contamination, natural resource depletion and contamination of the soil, water, and air, species extinction, the build-up of dangerous recalcitrant compounds, and other difficulties.Several conferences have emphasized the influence of environmental challenges in recent decades.However, the depth of understanding in order to define the term "environmental sustainability" is extremely poor, with disparities in the views considering the perspectives of distinct groups or individuals working in different occupations ( Vezzoli and Manzini, 2008).The world's expanding environmental concerns are largely associated with increased human activity.The outlook for the availability of land, environmental health, and diversity has been steadily decreasing, with expectations of even worse conditions by 2050.
To attain the aims of environmental sustainability that have so far been lacking, it is critical to incorporate the ecological and biological components.To rid the planet of anthropogenic concerns, an integrated strategy is essential on an urgent and ongoing basis.Biological techniques must be at the forefront and used to their full potential in order to accomplish environmental sustainability goals.This study discusses important environmental concerns, followed by remedies incorporating biological techniques to attain sustainable development, which has been researched and forecasted.Environmental challenges are a significant priority for all governments and scholars worldwide.The way things are going, a number of severe environmental concerns may even be dangerous to human civilization.Several significant environmental issues are currently afflicting the world, with grave consequences for living species.This section discusses the most prominent environmental concern (Rockstorm et al. 2018).
Environmental deterioration is a global issue that has an impact on the entire world.All types of living things are affected by pollution in some way.Even species that live in the poles or at the bottom of the ocean are affected by pollution.Anthropogenic activity has led to the emergence of numerous pollutants in recent decades, which have a detrimental impact on the ecosystem (Rockström et al. 2018).Industrialization, urbanization, and deforestation rates are making conditions in developing countries      et al. 2018).Over 89 percent of drinking water samples in Karachi, Pakistan, were determined to be lead-polluted.Latin America has some of the most polluted cities in the world, owing to poor heavy metal mining practices.Arctic surface soils have been shown to be contaminated with traces of mercury (Hg) and other elements.Mining activity in parts of the Arctic and Siberia contributes to heavy metal poisoning of soils.The paper's primary goal is to show serious environmental issues and sustainability challenges in the most intensively cultivated nation, such as India.The first half of the article in this review discusses the main environmental problems, and then the remedies, which involve biological methods to attain environmental sustainability, have been investigated and anticipated (Fig. 1).

Location of the Study Area
In this study we try to highlight the environmental issues and there possible solutions in India.

Sustainable Solutions
The aforementioned environmental concerns generated debate over what actions should be done to prevent further environmental damage.
Regardless of the fact that scientists have been researching the extent and significance of these environmental challenges for years, little progress was made in fulfilling the objectives.Aside from that, environmentally friendly solutions are sometimes overlooked in favour of technical solutions.
As a result, in order to build a sustainable ecosystem, a repair plan that incorporates biological treatments or more environmentally friendly methods must be implemented (Fig. 3).This section explores longterm remedies, mostly biological methods, to the problems caused by man-made activity.

Achieving Environmental Sustainability Through Microbes
Microbes are ubiquitous and may be found in all parts of the environment.Microbes in nature are exceedingly varied, and their vast dispersion implies that they might play a vital role in ecosystem preservation.Because of their adaptability microbes can be exploited because of their genetic makeup and diverse metabolic capabilities to solve a wide range of environmental issues (

Role in Sustainable Agriculture
Soil fertility is a term that refers to the availability of nutrients as well as the microbial communities that thrive in the soil (Lazcano et al. 2013).Soil bacteria make agro-ecosystems fertile and crop productivity high by maintaining ecological equilibrium.However, as a result of high chemical input into agricultural ecosystems, many of these useful bacteria are becoming reduced or extinct in the soil.Aside from that, as previously said, there are a number of other downsides of using chemical fertilizers and pesticides (Helsel, 1992, Popp et al, 2013).
As a result, beneficial soil bacteria must be introduced into both impacted and unaffected agro-ecosystems in order to increase yields in an environmentally friendly way.The rhizosphere is an elevated zone that contains a wide diversity of microorganisms that are primarily mutualistic with the host organism and provide assistance in several ways (Hartmann et al. 2008).Among the many microbes that inhabit the rhizosphere, are the most efficient contributors to sustaining agro-ecosystem production.PGPR are crucial plant root colonizers that may be found in huge numbers in the rhizosphere (Spaepen et al. 2008).The capacity of microbe's boosts their levels in plants makes them great candidates for eco-friendly crop biofortification (Vessey, 2003).
Microbes have successfully chelated micronutrients.Biofortified crops are becoming more popular in order to satisfy the population's dietary needs (Nooria et al. 2014).

Conclusion
The long-term sustainability of the environment is vital to humanity's survival.In any event, we must conserve our ecosystem and habitats in order to sustain life on the blue planet, particularly human life.The current pace of the amount of destruction is substantially greater than the ability of ecosystems to recover or heal, and this must be reversed as quickly as feasible.We should switch to green substitutes if we want to rehabilitate the environment and deliver things ahead to normal since anthropogenic activities are destabilizing the globe.

Fig. 1 :
Fig. 1: Environmental issues (https://in.pinterest.com/pin/environmental-problem-environmentproblem-and-solution--522206519267336793/) loss and groundwater contamination (Fredua 2014, Panagos et al. 2018).Long-term tools for removing contaminants from agricultural areas and assisting in soil repair include microbes (Verma et al. 2017).A cheap method for decontaminating places that have been affected by pollutants is microbial bioremediation.Because of the increasing severity of pollutants, ocean and coastal region pollution is a significant issue on a global scale.Both Sakthipriya et al. (2015) and Parthipan et al. (2017) successfully used microorganisms that develop bio-surfactants to bio-remediate petroleum pollutants.An article on the microorganisms used in the oil spill bioremediation in saltwater and along the coast was published in 2016 by Tanzadeh and Ghasemi.In order to maintain environmental sustainability, microbes recycle thermal, agricultural, and industrial waste and remediate wastewater (Sharma et al. 2013).A significant worry is the release of industrial effluents.

Fig. 2: Relative contribution of various greenhouse gases to total global warming (NCERT, Class 12 biology)
Yan et al. 2018).Both water and soil have been found to contain heavy metal contamination across the world.Because of lead poisoning in the lake, the supply of water in Michigan, North America, was transferred through the Flint River and Lake Huron in 2014.The issue damaged the water supply further, Moreover, the President of the United States declared an emergency due to serious lead pollution of drinking water(Wendling Many different forms of surplus crop leftovers are burned depending on the agro-climatic zone,particularly in the northern regions of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, nonetheless, rice crop residues account for over half of all crop residues burned in the nation.Farmer's burn crop remnants left in the field after using combine harvesters to prepare the soil for the next crop in the simplest way feasible.There are around 178 million tones of surplus agricultural by products in the nation.The burning of these trashes worsens air quality and raises pollution levels.Burning agricultural wastes significantly increases PM 2.5 concentrations.The amount of residue burned in a short period of time (a few weeks) makes a considerable contribution to pollutant levels like PM 2.5.The following crop wastes were burned, Maize (11.2),Cotton (9.8),Rice (9.3), Wheat (8.5), and Sugarcane (12.0%).According to several studies, the concentration of organic carbon and its fertility are negatively impacted by open burning of agricultural waste (Hesammi et al. 2014).Farmers also routinely use contaminated river water to cultivate their crops, endangering their health and compromising the food supply in India.Numerous waterways have high levels of heavy metal pollution, including the Ganges, the country's main river and a holy river to Hindus, where thousands of people wash daily and congregate for the Kumbh Mela, the biggest religious festival in the world.
(Kanawade et al., 2019)idues BurningAn additional environmental risk in India is the open burning of crop waste in rural areas, especially during the rice harvesting season.The topic of burning agricultural trash in fields makes the front pages of newspapers in Delhi NCR twice a year, in the months of October and December.The region's ambient air quality has deteriorated due to the results of a static atmosphere state above Delhi during the Kharif agricultural harvest time(Kanawade et al., 2019).Due to year-round crop farming, India, the second-largest agrarian economy in the world, produces a substantial amount of agricultural waste, including leftover crops.
(Gupta et al. 201817)shra et al. 2017, Akinsemolu, 2018).According toKhatoon et al. (2017), biodegradation is a critical method for eliminating different polymeric pollutants employing microbial applications.Microorganisms can be used to solve problems in a straightforward and costeffective manner, with few inputs and complications.Microbes can be an important instrument in the fight against pollution.Microorganisms are outstanding cleaners(Gupta et al. 2018).The process of eliminating toxins from the environment by biological processes, mostly microorganisms, is known as biodegradation.Microbial treatments are used as acceptable replacements for many traditional waste disposal procedures.To detoxify a broad variety of microorganisms can be utilized.Microorganisms or other biological systems are used in bioremediation to convert contaminants into less dangerous ones (Coelho etal.2015).Positive, environmentally responsible, and successful technique for removing dangerous pollutants from the surroundings is bioremediation (Lal et al. 2018, Abhilash et al. 2016, Kotoky et al. 2018).Human health is put at risk by contaminated soil, which also causes numerous environmental issues such as nutrient

Table 2 : Examples of substantial contaminated site remediation employing microorganisms
Microorganisms and plants, among other biological tools and entities, can aid in the restoration of polluted ecosystems and the reduction of the effects of global warming and climate change.Sustainability is the buzzword of the day, and if we don't get to work and start paying attention immediately, things can get out of hand.Using environmentally friendly and low-input biotechnological technologies, many of the issues highlighted and discovered in this study can be resolved.We have only begun to scrape the surface, further work and study are necessary.The Earth is diverse and, despite tremendous destruction, the majority of it is still undamaged, making it possible to solve environmental challenges with cutting-edge biotechnology technologies and methodologies.